What Is Solar Load Analysis?
Solar load analysis is the process of determining how much electricity a property uses, when it uses that electricity and how much electrical power may be required at one time.
It helps answer four fundamental questions:
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How much solar-panel capacity is appropriate?
-
What inverter capacity and type are required?
-
Is battery storage needed, and if so, how much?
-
Should the system be on-grid, hybrid or off-grid?
A proper load analysis considers both:
Power — kW
and
Energy — kWh
These are related, but they are not the same thing.
What Is Solar System Design?
Solar system design takes the results of load analysis and combines them with the physical and electrical conditions of the property.
A complete design may need to consider:
-
Solar-panel capacity
-
Inverter architecture
-
Solar strings
-
MPPT allocation
-
Battery capacity
-
Backup circuits
-
Roof area
-
Shading
-
Module orientation
-
Tilt
-
Cable routes
-
Voltage drop
-
Electrical protection
-
Earthing
-
Existing generator
-
Existing UPS
-
Grid connection
-
Sanctioned load
-
Future expansion
The goal is not simply to create the largest possible system.
The goal is to create the right system for the property.
Why Load Analysis Comes Before Solar Installation
A solar quotation without proper load analysis can result in two opposite problems.
An Undersized Solar System
If the system is too small, the customer may:
-
Continue purchasing more grid electricity than expected
-
Have inadequate battery backup
-
Overload the inverter
-
Be unable to operate expected appliances
-
Need an expensive system upgrade later
An Oversized Solar System
If the system is unnecessarily large, the customer may:
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Spend more capital than required
-
Produce large amounts of low-value surplus energy
-
Have an oversized inverter
-
Buy unnecessary battery capacity
-
Use roof space inefficiently
-
Receive weaker financial returns
A larger solar system is not automatically a better solar system.
Our Design Principle
Measure First. Design Second. Install Third.
This is the principle behind Grid Solar Installation's load-analysis service.
Before recommending equipment, we want to understand:
How much electricity you use
When you use it
How much you need at one time
What needs backup
How much solar your site can realistically produce
and
What you want the solar system to achieve
Only then should system capacity be finalised.
Why 12 Months of Electricity Bills Are Better Than One Bill
One electricity bill gives only a snapshot.
Consumption can change significantly throughout the year.
For example, summer electricity consumption may increase because of:
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Air conditioners
-
Cooling equipment
-
Refrigeration
-
Water pumps
-
Longer operating hours
Winter consumption can follow a different pattern.
Commercial and industrial properties may also experience:
-
Seasonal production
-
Different shift patterns
-
Holiday closures
-
Production expansion
-
Changing occupancy
Reviewing up to 12 months of bills can provide a much better picture of annual and seasonal electricity demand than relying on one month alone.
This is why Grid Solar Installation's published system-design process specifically includes reviewing twelve months of electricity bills where available.
Your Electricity Bill Is Important — But It Is Not Enough
Monthly units tell us how much electricity was consumed over a billing period.
They do not tell us exactly when that electricity was consumed.
Consider two properties.
Both consume:
900 kWh per month
But:
Property A
Consumes most electricity between 9 AM and 5 PM.
Property B
Consumes most electricity after sunset.
Their monthly consumption is identical.
Their ideal solar systems may not be.
Property A could potentially use a large proportion of solar production directly during daylight.
Property B may need a different system size, battery strategy or load-management approach.
That is why we also need a load profile.
What Is a Load Profile?
A load profile shows how electrical demand changes over time.
For example:
Morning: moderate consumption
Midday: high consumption
Afternoon: high consumption
Evening: very high consumption
Night: low or moderate consumption
For a factory, load may instead follow production shifts.
For an office, demand may rise when employees arrive and fall after working hours.
For a home, demand may increase substantially in the evening.
For a poultry or dairy facility, some loads may operate continuously.
Understanding this pattern helps us determine how much solar can be consumed directly and how much may require storage or grid interaction.
Daytime Load Is Extremely Important in 2026
Pakistan's solar economics changed significantly in 2026.
Under the NEPRA Prosumer Regulations 2026, qualifying new grid-connected systems operate under a net-billing framework.
Electricity imported from the distribution company is billed at the applicable tariff, while qualifying exported electricity is credited according to the applicable national average energy purchase price mechanism.
This means a unit of solar electricity used directly inside your property should not automatically be treated as financially equivalent to exporting that unit and buying electricity back later.
For system design, this makes daytime self-consumption increasingly important.
Our 2026 Solar Sizing Philosophy: Self-Consumption First
Traditional solar sizing sometimes focused heavily on:
“How many units can we generate?”
Our preferred question in 2026 is:
“How many of those units can the customer productively use?”
We therefore evaluate:
Grid export can still be useful where approved.
But Grid Solar Installation does not recommend designing a new solar investment mainly around the hope that future export compensation will become more favorable.
kW vs kWh: One of the Most Important Solar Concepts
Customers often use kW and kWh interchangeably.
They represent different things.
kW — Power
Kilowatts represent how much electrical power is being used at a particular moment.
Suppose the following equipment operates simultaneously:
-
Air conditioner
-
Water pump
-
Refrigerator
-
Lights
-
Computers
Their combined instantaneous demand helps determine the required inverter capability.
kWh — Energy
Kilowatt-hours measure electricity consumed over time.
For example:
A 2 kW load operating for five hours consumes approximately:
2 kW × 5 hours = 10 kWh
before considering changing loads and system losses.
For solar design:
kW helps determine power capability.
kWh helps determine energy requirement.
Both matter.
Connected Load vs Actual Peak Load
Another common mistake is simply adding every appliance rating together.
Suppose a property contains:
-
4 air conditioners
-
20 lights
-
8 fans
-
Water pump
-
Refrigerator
-
Microwave
-
Washing machine
-
Television
-
Computers
The connected load is the theoretical total if everything operates simultaneously.
But that may never happen.
The actual peak demand is the highest realistic simultaneous load.
Good system sizing should consider realistic diversity in how electrical equipment is used.
A recent Pakistan solarization engineering document, for example, distinguishes total connected load from peak load and applies diversity before determining system requirements.
This becomes increasingly important in commercial and industrial projects.
Peak Load Determines Inverter Requirements
The solar array and inverter solve related but different problems.
Solar panels produce energy.
The inverter must be able to process and supply power according to its design limits.
If a customer needs several high-load appliances simultaneously, inverter capacity may be dictated by peak kW demand even when average daily energy consumption is moderate.
Examples of loads requiring particular attention include:
-
Air conditioners
-
Pumps
-
Compressors
-
Elevators
-
Refrigeration equipment
-
Motors
-
Production machinery
Motor Starting and Surge Loads
Motor-driven appliances may require significantly more power while starting than during normal operation.
Examples include:
-
Water pumps
-
Compressors
-
Refrigerators
-
Freezers
-
Chillers
-
Industrial motors
-
Some air conditioners
A load analysis therefore should not simply record:
Motor = 1.5 kW
and stop there.
We also need to understand how that motor starts and whether it operates alongside other high-power equipment.
For hybrid and off-grid systems, this can directly affect inverter and battery power requirements.
Daytime vs Nighttime Load Analysis
Separating daytime from nighttime energy use is especially important when deciding between on-grid and hybrid solar.
High Daytime Consumption
A customer using most electricity during solar hours may be well suited to an on-grid or self-consumption-focused system.
High Nighttime Consumption
A customer using much of their electricity after sunset may need to evaluate:
Two customers consuming the same monthly kWh should not automatically receive identical solar quotations.
Critical Load Analysis
For customers considering battery backup, we separate:
Total Building Load
from:
Critical Backup Load
This distinction can save substantial unnecessary battery cost.
A home may contain:
-
Multiple ACs
-
Electric oven
-
Water heater
-
Washing machine
-
Pumps
-
General appliances
But during load shedding, the customer may only need:
-
Lights
-
Fans
-
Refrigerator
-
Internet
-
CCTV
-
One selected AC
The battery should be sized around what actually needs backup.
Whole-House Backup Is Not Always the Best Design
Some customers initially request:
“I want everything to run on battery.”
Technically, that may be possible with sufficiently large equipment.
But it may not be financially sensible.
Backing up large loads such as:
-
Multiple AC units
-
Electric heaters
-
Water heaters
-
Heavy pumps
-
Cooking equipment
can dramatically increase battery and inverter requirements.
A better design may separate essential circuits from non-essential circuits.
That gives the customer backup where it matters without paying for unnecessary storage capacity.
Battery Sizing Starts With Load × Time
Battery storage should not be selected from inverter size alone.
A useful conceptual starting point is:
Required Energy ≈ Backup Load × Required Backup Time
For example:
A 1 kW essential load required for five hours needs roughly:
5 kWh of delivered energy
before accounting for inverter losses, usable battery capacity, reserve settings and other design factors.
This is why statements such as:
“One battery is enough for a 5 kW inverter”
are not technically meaningful without knowing the required load and operating time.
Battery Power and Battery Energy Are Different
Two battery specifications matter.
Energy Capacity — kWh
This describes how much energy can be stored.
Power Capability — kW
This describes how much power the battery can supply at one time.
A battery can theoretically store enough energy for several hours but still be unable to supply a very large instantaneous load.
Hybrid-system design therefore needs to match:
Battery Energy + Battery Power + Inverter Capability + Backup Load
On-Grid System Design
For an on-grid solar system, we analyse:
The purpose should not simply be maximum annual production.
In Pakistan's current net-billing environment, a system with strong self-consumption may be more attractive than a significantly oversized system that exports much of its output.
Hybrid Solar System Design
A hybrid system adds another design layer:
battery storage.
We therefore need to calculate:
Installing a hybrid inverter does not automatically mean the customer has a correctly designed hybrid system.
The battery and load architecture matter just as much.
Off-Grid Solar System Design
Off-grid design requires even greater accuracy because the grid is not available to cover system shortages.
A proper off-grid analysis should consider:
The system should be designed for realistic operating conditions rather than the best sunny day of the year.
Three-Phase Load Analysis
A three-phase property requires more than a total-load number.
Loads may be distributed across:
L1
L2
L3
Suppose:
L1 = 8 kW
L2 = 4 kW
L3 = 2 kW
Total load is 14 kW.
But the distribution is highly unbalanced.
That can affect:
Grid Solar Installation's electrical background is particularly relevant to these three-phase projects.
Residential Solar Load Analysis
For a home, we may consider loads including:
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Air conditioners
-
Fans
-
Refrigerators
-
Freezers
-
Water pumps
-
Lights
-
Television
-
Computers
-
Washing machine
-
Kitchen equipment
-
Electric water heating
-
EV charging
-
Future appliances
We also consider occupancy and how the family's consumption changes throughout the day.
A five-bedroom house does not automatically need a particular solar capacity.
Electricity behaviour determines system size—not the number of bedrooms.
Office Solar Load Analysis
Office loads can include:
-
Air conditioning
-
Computers
-
Servers
-
Networking
-
Lighting
-
CCTV
-
Printers
-
Elevators
-
Pumps
-
Kitchen equipment
Because offices often operate during daylight, their load profile can align well with solar production.
We therefore pay particular attention to working hours and daytime self-consumption.
Retail & Warehouse Load Analysis
For retail properties, major loads may include:
-
Air conditioning
-
Lighting
-
Refrigeration
-
POS equipment
-
Displays
-
CCTV
Warehouse demand can vary widely.
A dry-storage facility may have a large roof but relatively small electrical load.
A refrigerated warehouse may have substantial continuous demand.
For warehouses:
Roof capacity should never be confused with required solar capacity.
Industrial Solar Load Analysis
Industrial systems require more detailed electrical information.
This can include:
A factory running one daytime shift can have a very different solar opportunity from a 24-hour production plant.
Industrial solar should be designed from operating data rather than generic package sizes.
Agricultural Solar Load Analysis
Agricultural solar may require both electrical and hydraulic analysis.
For a solar tube well, motor HP alone is insufficient.
The system may also need to consider:
-
Water requirement
-
Flow
-
Water level
-
Pumping head
-
Motor characteristics
-
Irrigation schedule
-
Pipe losses
-
Pump efficiency
The objective is not simply to make the motor turn.
It is to deliver the required agricultural output.
Roof and Site Analysis
Load analysis tells us what electricity is needed.
The site survey tells us what solar installation is physically possible.
We assess factors such as:
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Available area
-
Shading
-
Roof orientation
-
Roof condition
-
Obstacles
-
Water tanks
-
Parapets
-
HVAC equipment
-
Access
-
Cable routes
-
Inverter location
-
Battery location
-
Structural conditions
A technically ideal energy size still needs to fit the actual site safely.
Why Shading Analysis Matters
A small object can create more solar impact than its physical size suggests if it casts shade over modules during important production hours.
Possible shading sources include:
-
Nearby buildings
-
Trees
-
Water tanks
-
Parapets
-
Antennas
-
HVAC equipment
-
Other rooftop structures
Shading also changes throughout the day and year.
Grid Solar Installation therefore includes shading assessment in its published system-design approach.
Solar-system design should consider not only:
How much roof area exists?
but:
How much useful, sufficiently unshaded solar area exists?
Solar Orientation and Tilt
Module orientation and tilt affect solar production.
There is no responsible universal rule that every roof in Pakistan must use exactly one angle throughout the year.
The final layout depends on:
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Location
-
Roof geometry
-
Shading
-
Available area
-
Structural design
-
Energy objective
Sometimes maximising annual kWh is the priority.
In other systems, matching generation more closely to the customer's load profile may also be valuable.
Solar Production Modelling
A professional production estimate should account for more than:
“1 kW solar makes X units every day.”
Solar generation changes with:
-
Geographic location
-
Weather
-
Season
-
Module orientation
-
Tilt
-
Temperature
-
Shading
-
Soiling
-
Inverter performance
-
System losses
Tools such as NREL's PVWatts use location-specific long-term weather data and allow modelling of factors including system capacity, orientation and losses. PVWatts notes that actual annual output can vary because weather conditions change from year to year.
This is why an annual production estimate should be treated as a model—not a guarantee of identical production every year.
System Losses Must Be Included
Solar-panel nameplate capacity is not equal to the electricity that will always appear at your loads or meter.
Real systems experience losses associated with factors such as:
-
Temperature
-
Soiling
-
Shading
-
Wiring
-
Inverter conversion
-
Mismatch
-
Availability
NREL's PV modelling tools explicitly incorporate system losses when estimating photovoltaic production.
A quotation that assumes perfect laboratory output throughout the year can overstate expected production.
Solar Panel Capacity vs Inverter Capacity
The DC capacity of the panel array and the AC inverter rating do not always need to be identical.
For example:
PV Array = kWdc
Inverter = kWac
Their relationship is often referred to as the DC-to-AC ratio.
NREL's PVWatts documentation notes that system design can use different DC-to-AC ratios and that the appropriate choice depends on system conditions.
The correct ratio should consider:
-
Inverter limits
-
Module characteristics
-
Solar conditions
-
Orientation
-
Expected clipping
-
Financial objectives
We do not recommend applying one universal oversizing percentage to every project.
Solar String and MPPT Design
Once system capacity is established, the panels still need to be electrically configured correctly.
String design considers:
-
Module voltage
-
Module current
-
Number of panels in series
-
Number of parallel strings
-
Inverter maximum DC voltage
-
MPPT voltage window
-
Maximum current
-
Temperature effects
Different roof orientations may also need appropriate MPPT allocation.
Correct system size with incorrect string design is still a poor solar installation.
Cable Sizing and Voltage Drop
Solar design should also establish appropriate cable sizes.
Cable design depends on:
-
Current
-
Voltage
-
Distance
-
Installation method
-
Temperature
-
Permissible voltage drop
-
Protection requirements
Using cable that is unnecessarily large increases cost.
Using cable that is too small can increase losses, heating and safety concerns.
The design should be calculated.
Electrical Protection Design
Solar becomes part of the property's electrical system.
The design should therefore consider suitable:
-
AC protection
-
DC protection
-
Isolation
-
Surge protection
-
Earthing
-
Battery protection
-
Circuit protection
-
Grid disconnection
Protection should be selected for the electrical conditions of the project—not simply copied from another installation.
Existing Generator and UPS Analysis
Many Pakistani properties already have:
These should be identified before final solar design.
The correct integration may depend on:
-
Generator capacity
-
UPS type
-
Existing batteries
-
Transfer sequence
-
Essential circuits
-
Hybrid inverter
-
Generator interaction
Solar should work with existing infrastructure rather than creating unnecessary conflicts between power sources.
Future Load Planning
A system designed perfectly for today's electricity consumption can become undersized if the property changes significantly.
We therefore ask about realistic future additions such as:
Future growth should be considered.
However, we also do not recommend excessively oversizing today for hypothetical loads that may never be installed.
Planning should be realistic.
Pakistan's 2026 Prosumer Rules and Solar System Sizing
For customers planning a grid-connected prosumer system, technical sizing also intersects with regulation.
Under NEPRA's Prosumer Regulations 2026, proposed distributed-generation capacity under that framework cannot exceed the sanctioned load of the applicant's premises.
The same regulations state that the distribution licensee should not entertain an application where distributed-generation capacity connected to a particular distribution transformer has reached the specified 80% of transformer rated-capacity threshold.
Therefore:
Roof space alone does not determine approvable grid-connected capacity.
The electrical connection and distribution network also matter.
Load Analysis vs Load-Flow Study
These two terms should not be confused.
Solar Load Analysis
This determines the customer's energy and power requirements.
It helps size:
-
Panels
-
Inverter
-
Batteries
-
Backup
-
Overall system
Electrical Load-Flow Study
A load-flow study analyses how power moves through an electrical network.
Under Pakistan's current Prosumer Regulations, a proposed distributed-generation facility of 250 kW or above requires a load-flow study through the licensee or a reputable consultant registered with the Pakistan Engineering Council.
This requirement is particularly relevant for larger:
-
Factories
-
Warehouses
-
Commercial buildings
-
Campuses
-
Industrial facilities
The two analyses serve different purposes.
Why Solar System Design Is More Important After Net Billing
The 2026 net-billing framework makes poor sizing more expensive.
Suppose a property uses little electricity during the day but installs a very large on-grid array.
Much of that generation may be exported.
Meanwhile, the same customer may buy electricity back from the grid during evening hours.
Because imports and exports are treated separately under the current net-billing structure, that design can have different economics from a system with higher direct self-consumption.
This is why Grid Solar Installation recommends:
Load profile first.
Solar capacity second.
Should You Size Solar From the Electricity Bill Alone?
No.
The electricity bill is an important input, but not the entire design.
It tells us historical energy consumption.
It does not fully tell us:
-
Hourly consumption
-
Peak load
-
Motor surge
-
Backup requirement
-
Roof shading
-
Battery requirement
-
Future load
-
Phase imbalance
A good assessment combines bill history with actual property information.
Should You Size Solar From Roof Space?
No.
Available roof area tells us the physical maximum, not necessarily the economically appropriate size.
A warehouse may physically fit 500 kW but consume only 80 kW during much of the day.
A home may have substantial roof space but modest electricity consumption.
Installing every possible panel may therefore not be the best investment.
Should You Size Solar From House Size?
No.
Two identical 10-marla or 1-kanal houses can have completely different electricity consumption.
One family may use:
Another may use:
-
Five AC units
-
Large pumps
-
Electric cooking
-
Multiple refrigerators
-
EV charging
The building's physical area does not tell us the electrical requirement.
Common Solar System Sizing Mistakes
Using Only One Electricity Bill
One month may not represent annual demand.
Ignoring Daytime vs Nighttime Consumption
This can lead to poor on-grid or battery sizing.
Confusing kW With kWh
Power and energy solve different design questions.
Ignoring Motor Starting Load
Pumps and compressors may require more power when starting.
Oversizing for Grid Export
This has become especially questionable under Pakistan's current net-billing environment.
Buying the Inverter Before Designing the System
The inverter should follow the requirement—not determine it arbitrarily.
Selecting Batteries From Inverter Size
Battery storage should be based on load and time.
Ignoring Shading
A large roof is not necessarily a useful solar roof.
Ignoring Existing Electrical Infrastructure
Generators, UPS systems and distribution boards need to be considered.
Ignoring Future Growth
A major planned electrical expansion can affect today's design.
How Grid Solar Installation Approaches Load Analysis & System Design
Step 1 — Understand Your Objective
We first establish what you want solar to achieve.
The objective may be:
-
Reduce electricity purchased from the grid
-
Provide load-shedding backup
-
Reduce generator use
-
Operate independently from the grid
-
Support business operations
-
Power agricultural equipment
-
Combine several objectives
Step 2 — Review Electricity History
Where available, we review up to 12 months of electricity bills to understand seasonal consumption.
Step 3 — Build the Load Profile
We identify:
-
Daytime consumption
-
Nighttime consumption
-
Peak demand
-
Major appliances
-
Motor loads
-
Business operating hours
-
Production shifts
-
Backup loads
Step 4 — Site and Shading Assessment
We assess the available installation area and conditions that may affect production.
Step 5 — Select the Appropriate Solar Architecture
We determine whether the requirement points toward:
On-Grid Solar
Hybrid Solar
or
Off-Grid Solar
The system type should follow the customer's problem.
Step 6 — Determine Solar Capacity
PV capacity is assessed using consumption, load timing, site conditions and expected solar generation.
Step 7 — Determine Inverter Requirements
We consider:
-
Peak demand
-
System architecture
-
PV capacity
-
Single or three phase
-
MPPT/string design
-
Backup requirements
-
Future expansion
Step 8 — Size Battery Storage Where Required
For hybrid or off-grid systems, battery capacity is calculated from actual energy and backup needs.
Step 9 — Design Electrical Integration
The design considers:
-
AC connection
-
DC connection
-
Cabling
-
Protection
-
Earthing
-
Generator
-
UPS
-
Distribution boards
-
Grid interface
Step 10 — Review Financial Logic
A technically possible system is not automatically the best financial solution.
We consider whether the proposed capacity makes sense based on:
-
Direct solar use
-
Expected generation
-
Grid imports
-
Grid exports
-
Battery requirements
-
Customer objectives
What a Good Solar Design Should Tell You
Before purchasing a substantial solar system, you should be able to understand:
What solar-panel capacity is proposed?
What inverter capacity is proposed?
Why was that capacity chosen?
How much energy is expected to be generated?
How much do you currently consume?
When do you consume it?
Which loads will work during an outage?
How long is the intended battery backup?
What assumptions were used?
What limitations exist?
If the quotation cannot explain these questions, the customer is being asked to buy equipment before understanding the system.
Why Grid Solar Installation?
Solar system design is where electrical experience and solar experience come together.
Grid Solar Installation brings 10 years of solar installation experience and more than 25 years of electrical installation experience.
Our online presence is recent.
Our practical experience is not.
Before expanding digitally, much of our work developed through relationships and networking with builders, businesses and construction companies.
Our approach is based on a simple principle:
We should be able to explain why your system is the size we recommend.
Not because:
“Everyone installs 10 kW.”
Not because:
“That is the package we have available.”
Not because:
“Your roof has enough space.”
But because the design is based on your actual:
Energy + Load + Site + Electrical System + Backup Requirement + Objectives
Our Solar Design Philosophy for 2026
Pakistan's solar market has changed.
The strongest solar investment is increasingly one that uses generated electricity productively inside the customer's own property.
Our priority is therefore:
Correct Load Analysis
Understand consumption before buying equipment.
High Self-Consumption
Design around useful daytime solar consumption.
Appropriate System Capacity
Avoid unnecessary oversizing.
Correct Inverter Selection
Match inverter capabilities to the PV system and actual load.
Correct Battery Sizing
Use batteries when they solve a genuine backup or energy-management requirement.
Good Electrical Engineering
Treat protection, cabling, earthing and integration as core components.
Realistic Production Expectations
Model generation rather than promising perfect output.
Future-Aware Design
Allow for realistic expansion without paying today for imaginary loads.
Request a Solar Load Analysis & System Design Assessment
If you want to know what solar system you actually need, prepare as much of the following information as possible:
-
Property type
-
Location
-
Up to 12 months of electricity bills
-
Single-phase or three-phase connection
-
Sanctioned load if known
-
Major appliances
-
Number of air conditioners
-
Pumps or motors
-
Daytime operating hours
-
Nighttime consumption
-
Required backup loads
-
Desired backup hours
-
Existing UPS
-
Existing generator
-
Existing solar equipment
-
Available roof or ground area
-
Planned future loads
Grid Solar Installation can use this information together with site conditions and shading to determine whether an On-Grid, Hybrid or Off-Grid Solar System is appropriate and what capacity should be investigated.